Selected Scientific Studies



Adachi, Y., M. Okazaki, et al. (1997). “Leukocyte Activation By (1-3)-Beta-D-Glucans.” Mediators of Inflammation 6(4): 251-256.

Adams, D. S., R. Nathans, et al. (2000). “Activation of a rel-A/CEBP-beta-related transcription factor heteromer by PGG-glucan in a murine monocytic cell line.” Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 77(2): 221-233.

Aman, P. and H. Graham (1987). “Analysis of total and insoluble mixed-linked (1->3),(1->4)-beta-D-glucans in barley and oats.” J Agric Food Chem 35(5)(5): 704-709.

Anderson, J. W., D. Deakins, et al. (1990). Soluble fiber hypocholesterolemic effects and proposed mechanisms, Plenum Press.

Anderson, J. W., A. E. Jones, et al. (1994). “Ten different dietary fibers have significantly different effects on serum and liver lipids of cholesterol-fed rats [see comments].” J Nutr 124(1): 78-83.

Anderson, J. W., D. B. Spencer, et al. (1990). “Oat-bran cereal lowers serum total and LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic men.” Am J Clin Nutr 52(3): 495-9.

Andersson, H. (1997). Metabolic effects of oat fiber. GU Safari (Gotesborgs University).

Anon (1997). “Health Implications of Dietary Fiber.” J Am Diet Assoc 97(1157).

Babu, U. S., D. J. A. Jenkins, et al. (1992). “Effect of short-term feeding of barley oil extract containing natural occurring tocotrienols on the immune response of rats.” Ann N Y Acad Sci 669: 317-319.

Bartram P; Gerlach S; et al. (1992). Effect of a single oat bran cereal breakfast on serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 16(6):533-7

Beer, M. U., E. Arrigoni, et al. (1995). “Effects of oat gum on blood cholesterol levels in healthy young men [see comments].” Eur J Clin Nutr 49(7): 517-22.

Beer, M. U., P. J. Wood, et al. (1997). “Molecular weight distribution (1 leads to 3)(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-glucan content of consecutive extracts of various oat and barley cultivars.” Cereal Chem 74(4): 476-480.

Behall, K.M., Schofield, D. J., Hallfrisch, J.G.,(USDA ARS) (2000) “Comparison of Glucose and Insulin Responses to Barley and Oats” Dietary Fibre 2000 Proceedings, May 2000

Behall, K. M., D. J. Scholfield, et al. (1997). “Effect of Beta-Glucan Level in Oat Fiber Extracts On Blood Lipids in Men and Women.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 16(1): 46-51.

Bell, S., V. M. Goldman, et al. (1999). “Effect of beta-glucan from oats and yeast on serum lipids [Review].” Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition 39(2): 189-202.

Bengtsson, S. and P. Aman (1990). “Chemical studies on mixed-linked beta-glucans in hull-less barley cultivars giving different hypocholesterolaemic responses in chickens.” J Sci Food Agric 52(4): 435-445.

Bergh, M. O., A. Razdan, et al. (1999). “Nutritional influence of broiler chicken diets based on covered normal, waxy and high amylose barleys with or without enzyme supplementation.” Animal Feed Science & Technology 78(3-4): 215-226.

Bhatty, R. S. (1999). “The potential of hull-less barley [Review].” Cereal Chemistry 76(5): 589-599.

Bhatty, R. S., A. W. MacGregor, et al. (1991). “Total and acid-soluble beta-glucan content of hulless barley and its relationship to acid-extract viscosity.” Cereal Chemistry 68: 221-227.

Bourdon, I., W. Yokoyama, et al. (1999). “Postprandial lipid, glucose, insulin, and cholecystokinin responses in men fed barley pasta enriched with beta-glucan.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69(1): 55-63.

Bowles, R. K., M. K. R, et al. (1996). “13C CP/MAS NMR study of the interaction of bile acids with barley beta-D-glucan.” Carbohydr Polym 29(1): 7-10.

Braaten, J., P. Wood, et al. (1994). “Oat beta-glucan reduces blood cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic subjects.” Eur J Clin Nutr 48(7): 465-474.

Brown, L., B. Rosner, et al. (1999). “Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis.” Am J Clin Nutr 69(1): 30-42.

Carr, T. P., D. D. Gallaher, et al. (1996). “Intestinal contents viscosity and cholesterol absorption efficiency in hamsters fed hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.” J Nutr 126: 1463-1469.

Causey, J., Slavin J. and Fulcher, R.G., (1998), “Cereal beta-glucan stimulation of human macrophage differentiation in culture,” Abstracts of Wound Healing, 98, 6.

Chandria, M et al., (2000), “Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus”, New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 19.

Chaudhary, V. K. and F. E. Weber (1990). “ Barley bran flour evaluated as dietary fiber ingredient in wheat bread.” Cereal Foods World. 35: 560-562.

Cleary, J. A., G. E. Kelly, et al. (1999). “The effect of molecular weight and beta-1,6-linkages on priming of macrophage function in mice by (1,3)-beta-D-glucan.” Immunology & Cell Biology 77(5): 395-403.

Dandu, P. and Knuckles, B. , (1998), “The effect of beta-glucan on endothelial cell proliferation and the synthesis of DNA in vitro”, TEKRAN, USDA-ARS, 1998, 12.

Danielson, A. D., R. K. Newman, et al. (1997). “Lipid Levels and Digesta Viscosity of Rats Fed a High-Fiber Barley Milling Fraction.” Nutrition Research 17(3): 515-522.

Davidson, M, et al, (1991), “The hypocholesterolemic effects of beta-glucan in oatmeal and oat bran: a dose controlled study”, JAMA, (Jour of Am Medical Assoc) 10:265, 14, 1833-39.

Dubois, C., M. Armand, et al. (1995). “Chronic oat bran intake alters postprandial lipemia and lipoproteins in healthy adults.” Am J Clin Nutr 61(2): 325-333.

Estrada, A., C. H. Yun, et al. (1997). “Immunomodulatory Activities of Oat Beta-Glucan in Vitro and in Vivo.” Microbiology & Immunology 41(12): 991-998.

Fullerton, S. A., A. A. Samadi, et al. (2000). “Induction of apoptosis in human prostatic cancer cells with beta-glucan (Maitake mushroom polysaccharide).” Molecular Urology 4(1): 7-13.

Galibois, I., T. Desrosiers, et al. (1994). “Effects of dietary fibre mixtures on glucose and lipid metabolism and on mineral absorption in the rat.” Ann Nutr Metab 38(4): 203-211.

Gallaher, D. D., K. J. Wood, et al. (1999). “Intestinal contents supernatant viscosity of rats fed oat-based muffins and cereal products.” Cereal Chemistry 76(1): 21-24.

German, J., R. Xu, et al. (1996). “Effect of dietary fats and barley fiber on total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol distribution in plasma of hamsters.” Nutrition Research 16: 1239-1249.

Glore, S., D. Van Treeck, et al. (1994). “Soluble fiber and serum lipids: a literature review.” J Am Diet Assoc 94: 425.

Hallfrisch, J. and K. M. f (1997). “Evaluation of Foods and Physiological Responses to Menus in Which Fat Content Was Lowered By Replacement With Oatrim.” Cereal Foods World 42(2): 100-103.

Hallfrisch, J., D. J. Scholfield, et al. (1997). “Diets Containing Soluble Oat Extracts Reduce Urinary Malondialdehyde in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women.” Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 8(9): 497-501.

Hallmans, G. (1995). “Oat beta-glucan.” Am J Clin Nutr 62: 1245-51.

Hashimoto, T., N. Ohno, et al. (1997). “Subgrouping Immunomodulating Beta-Glucans By Monitoring Ifn-Gamma and No Syntheses.” Drug Development Research 42(1): 35-40.

Hasler, C. (1996). “Oat beta-glucan, coronary heart disease risk, and health claims.” SCAN's Pulse 15(4).

He, J., M. Klag, et al. (1995). “Oats and buckwheat intakes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in an ethnic minority of China.” Am J Clin Nutr 61(2): 366-372.

Hecker, K. D., M. L. Meier, et al. (1998). “Barley Beta-Glucan Is Effective As a Hypocholesterolaemic Ingredient in Foods.” Journal of the Science of Food & Agriculture 77(2): 179-183.

Hetland, G., M. Lovik, et al. (1998). “Protective Effect of Beta-Glucan Against Mycobacterium Bovis, Bcg Infection in Balb/C Mice.” Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 47(6): 548-553.

Hudson, C. A., M. M. Chiu, et al. (1992). “Development and characteristics of high-fiber muffins with oat bran, rice bran, or barley fiber fractions.” Cereal Foods World. 37: 373-376.

Hundemer, J. K., S. P. Nabar, et al. (1991). “Dietary fiber sources lower blood cholesterol in C57BL/6 mice.” J Nutr 121(9): 1360-5.

Ikegama, S., M. Tomita, et al. (1996). “Effect of boiled barley-rice-feeding in hypercholesterolemic and normolipemic subjects.” Plant Foods Hum Nutr 49(4): 317-328.

Jackson, K. A., D. A. Suter, et al. (1994). “Oat bran, barley and malted barley lower plasma cholesterol relative to wheat bran but differ in their effects on liver cholesterol in rats fed diets with and without cholesterol.” J Nutr 124(9): 1678-84.

Jadhav, S. J., S. E. Lutz, et al. (1998). “BARLEY - CHEMISTRY AND VALUE-ADDED PROCESSING [Review].” Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition 38(2): 123-171.

Jenkins, D. J. A., C. W. C. Kendall, et al. (2000). “Viscous and nonviscous fibres, nonabsorbable and low glycaemic index carbohydrates, blood lipids and coronary heart disease [Review].” Current Opinion in Lipidology 11(1): 49-56.

Jenkins, D. J. A., C. W. C. Kendall, et al. (2000). “The effect on serum lipids and oxidized low-density lipoprotein of supplementing self-selected low-fat diets with soluble-fiber, soy, and vegetable protein foods.” Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental 49(1): 67-72.

Jones, A. (1993). “Barley beta-glucan.” Cereal Foods World 38: 160-161.

Jones, P. (1997). “Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by diet in humans.” Am J Clin Nutr66(2): 438-446.

Kahlon, T., F. Chow, et al. (1993). “Cholesterol-lowering effects in hamsters of b-glucan-enriched barley fraction, dehulled whole barley, rice bran, and oat bran and their combinations.” Cereal Chemistry 70: 435-440.

Kahlon, T. S. and F. Chow (1999). Cereal food fractions with beneficial properties for health. 1999 AACC annual meeting.

Kahlon, T. S. and. C., Faye I (1999). Cereal food fractions with beneficial properties for health. 1999 AACC annual meeting.

Kalra, S. and S. Joad (2000). “Effect of dietary barley beta-glucan on cholesterol and lipoprotein fractions in rats.” Journal of Cereal Science 31(2): 141-145.

Kaplan, R.J., et al (2000), “Cognitive performance is associated with glucose regulation in healthy elderly persons and can be enhancerd with glucose and dietary carbohydrates, Am J Clin Nutr:: 72, 3, 825-836

Keenan, J., (2000). “Beta-glucan key to cardiovascular health benefits”, Experimental Biology, 5, 2000

Kestin, M., R. Moss, et al. (1990). “Comparative effects of threee cereal brans on plasma lipids, blood pressure and glucose metabolism, in mildy hypercholesterolemic men.” Am J Clin Nutr 52: 661-666.

Knuckles, B. (1997). “Effect of b-glucan barley fractions in high-fiber bread and pasta.” Cereal Foods World 42: 94-99.

Knuckles, B., W. Yokoyamna, et al. (unpublished). “Blood cholesterol levels in hamsters fed various barley cultivars.”.

Kwiterovich, P. J. (1995). “The role of fiber in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents.” Pediatrics 96(5 Pt 2): 1005-9.

Lasztity, R. (1998). “OAT GRAIN - A WONDERFUL RESERVOIR OF NATURAL NUTRIENTS AND BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES [Review].” Food Reviews International 14(1): 99-119.

Law, M. R., N. J. Wald, et al. (1994). “By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease?” BMJ 308: 367-373.

Lee, C. J., R. D. Horsley, et al. (1997). “Comparisons of Beta-Glucan Content of Barley and Oat.” Cereal Chemistry 74(5): 571-575.

Lia, A., H. Andersson, et al. (1997). “Postprandial Lipemia in Relation to Sterol and Fat Excretion in Ileostomy Subjects Given Oat-Bran and Wheat Test Meals.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66(2): 357-365.

Lia, A., G. Hallmans, et al. (1995). “Oat beta-glucan increases bile acid excretion and a fiber-rich barley fraction increases cholesterol excretion in ileostomy subjects.” Am J Clin Nutr 62(6): 1245-51.

Lia, A., B. Sundberg, et al. (1996). “Substrates available for colonic fermentation from oat, barley and wheat bread diets. A study in ileostomy subjects.” Br J Nutr 76(6): 797-808.

Lifschultz, C. et al, (2000) “Decreased carbohydrate disgestion in humans from beta-glucan enriched barley”, TEKRAN, USDA-ARS, 11, 2000

Liljeberg, H., Y. Granfeldt, et al. (1996). “Products based on a high fiber barley genotype, but not on common barley or oats, lower postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy humans.” J Nutr 126(2): 458-66.

Lupton, J. R., M. C. Robinson, et al. (1994). “Cholesterol-lowering effect of barley bran flour and oil.” J Am Diet Assoc 94(1): 65-70.

Marconi, E., M. Graziano, et al. (2000). “Composition and utilization of barley pearling by-products for making functional pastas rich in dietary fiber and beta-glucans.” Cereal Chemistry 77(2): 133-139.

Marlett, J., K. Hosig, et al. (1994). “Mechanism of serum cholesterol reduction by oat bran.” Hepatology 20(6): 1450-7.

Martinez, V. M., R. K. Newman, et al. (1992). “Barley diets with different fat sources have hypocholesterolemic effects in chicks.” J Nutr 122(5): 1070-6.

McIntosh, G. H., J. Whyte, et al. (1991). “Barley and wheat foods: influence on plasma cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men.” Am J Clin Nutr 53(5): 1205-9.

Miettinen, T. A. and H. Gylling (1999). “Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by dietary plant sterols.” Curr Opin Lipidol 10(1): 9-14.

Miller, S. S. and R. G. Fulcher (1994). “Distribution of (1->3),(1->4)-beta-D-glucan in kernels of oats and barley using microspectroflurometry.” Cereal Chem 71(1): 64-68.

Mork, A. C., R. J. Helmke, et al. (1998). “Effects of Particulate and Soluble (1-3)-Beta-Glucans On Ca2+ Influx in Nr8383 Alveolar Macrophages.” Immunopharmacology 40(1): 77-89.

Newman, R., C. Klopfenstein, et al. (1992). “Comparison of the cholesterol-lowering properties of whole barley, oat bran, and wheat red dog in chicks and rats.” Cereal Chemistry 69: 240-244.

Newman, R. and C. W. Newman (1989). “The hypocholesterolemic function of barley beta-glucans.” Cereal Foods World 34: 883-886.

Newman, R. K., C. W. Newman, et al. (1991). “Growth and lipid metabolism as affected by feeding of hull-less barleys with and without supplemental beta-glucanase.” Plant Foods Hum Nutr 41(4): 371-80.

Nicolosi, R., S. J. Bell, et al. (1999). “Plasma lipid changes after supplementation with beta-glucan fiber from yeast.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70(2): 208-212.

NuWorld (1998). Press release: waxy hullless barley.

Oda, T., S. Aoe, et al. (1994). “Effects of dietary oat, barley, and guar gums on serum and liver lipid concentrations in diet-induced hypertriglyceridemic rats.” J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 40(2): 213-7.

Onning, G., A. Wallmark, et al. (1999). “Consumption of oat milk for 5 weeks lowers serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in free-living men with moderate hypercholesterolemia.” Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 43(5): 301-309.

Oscarsson, M., R. Andersson, et al. (1996). “Chemical composition of barley samples focusing on dietary fibre components.” J Cereal Science 24: 161-170.

Peterson, D. M. and A. A. Qureshi (1997). “Effects of Tocols and Beta-Glucan On Serum Lipid Parameters in Chickens.” Journal of the Science of Food & Agriculture 73(4): 417-424.

Pick, M. E., Z. J. Hawrysh, et al. (1998). “Barley Bread Products Improve Glycemic Control of Type 2 Subjects.” International Journal of Food Sciences & Nutrition 49(1): 71-78.

Pomeroy, S., et al, (2001), “Oat beta-glucan lowers total and LDL cholesterol”, Australian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 58: 51-55

Prosky, L, and McCleary, B., Advanced Dietary Fiber Technology, London: Blackwell, 2000

Pietenin, P. (1996). “Intake of dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men.” Circulation 94: 2720-2727.

Pins, J., Keenan, J, Geleva, D, Addis, P, and Fulcher, G. (2000), “A comparison of barley and wheat products on blood lipids, satiety, and markers of oxidation”, American College of Nutrition, 2000, 10.

Pins, J., Keenan, J, Geleva, D, Addis, P, and Fulcher, G. (2000), “Whole grains, refined grains, or is it just the soluble fibers”, FASEB Journal, 14, 4, A563

Ranhotra, G. S., J. A. Gelroth, et al. (1998). “Dose response to soluble fiber in barley in lowering blood lipids in hamster.” Plant Foods Hum Nutr 52(4): 329-36.

Ranhotra, G. S., J. A. Gelroth, et al. (1998). Grain-Based Foods Containing High Beta-Glucan Barley.

Rieckhoff, D., E. A. Trautwein, et al. (1999). “Effects of different cereal fibers on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in the Syrian golden hamster.” Cereal Chemistry 76(5): 788-795.

Rimm, E., A. Ascherio, et al. (1996). “Vegetable, fruit and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men.” JAMA. 275(447).

Ripsin, C., K. JM, et al. (1992). “Oat products and lipid lowering: a meta-analysis.” JAMA. 267: 3317-3325.

Robertson, J. A., G. Majsaknewman, et al. (1997). “Release of Mixed Linkage (1-]3),(1-]4) Beta-D-Glucans From Barley By Protease Activity and Effects On Ileal Effluent.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 21(1-2): 57-60.

Ross, G. D., V. Vetvicka, et al. (1999). “Therapeutic intervention with complement and beta-glucan in cancer.” Immunopharmacology 42(1-3): 61-74.

Roubroecks G. et al. (2000), “Molecular weight dependency on the production of the TNF stimulated by fractions of (1-3)(1-4) rye beta-d glucan”, Scandanavian Journal of Immunology, 2000: 52, 584-87.

Schneeman, B. O. (1995). “Dietary Fiber.” Pediatric Clinics of NA 1995: 4280-495.

Soltys, J., M. T. Quinn, et al. (1999). “Modulation of endotoxin- and enterotoxin-induced cytokine release by in vivo treatment with beta-(1,6)-branched beta-(1,3)-glucan.” Infection & Immunity 67(1): 244-252.

Stedronsky, E. R. (1994). “Interaction of bile acids and cholesterol with non-systemic agents having hypocholesterolemic properties.” Biochim Biophys Acta (Netherlands) 1210(3): 255-287.

Sundberg, B., P. Wood, et al. (1996). “Mixed-linked beta-glucan from breads of different cereals is partly degraded in the human ileostomy model.” Am J Clin Nutr 64(6): 878-85.

Sundberg, B., Q. Xue, et al. (1998). “Glycaemic Responses and Hypocholesterolaemic Effects of High-Amylose Barley Diets On Broiler Chicks.” Journal of the Science of Food & Agriculture 76(3): 457-463.

Tappy, L. et al. (1996), “Efects of breakfast cereals containing various amount of beta-glucan fibers on plasma glucose and insulin responses in NIDDM subjects”, Diabetes Care, 19, 8, 831-834.

Tateishi, T., N. Ohno, et al. (1997). “Increases in Hematopoietic Responses Caused By Beta-Glucans in Mice.” Bioscience Biotechnology & Biochemistry 61(9): 1548-1553.

Truswell, A. (1995). “Dietary fibre and blood lipids.” Curr Opin Lipidol 6(1): 14-9.

Truswell, A. (2000). Cereal Grains And Coronary Heart Disease A Review Of The Literature. BRI, Sydney Australia.

Uusitupa, M. I. J., T. A. Miettinen, et al. (1997). “Lathosterol and Other Non-Cholesterol Sterols During Treatment of Hypercholesterolaemia With Beta-Glucan-Rich Oat Bran.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51(9): 607-611.

van Horn, L. (1997). “Fiber, Lipids, and Coronary Heart Disease.” Circulation 95: 2701-2704.

Wang, L., R. K. Newman, et al. (1992). “Barley beta-glucans alter intestinal viscosity and reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations in chicks.” J Nutr 122(11): 2292-7.

Wang, L., R. K. Newman, et al. (1993). “Tocotrienol and fatty acid composition of barley oil and their effects on lipid metabolism.” Plant Foods Hum Nutr 43(1): 9-17.

Wang, L. J., S. R. Behr, et al. (1997). “Comparative Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Barley Beta-Glucan and Barley Oil in Golden Syrian Hamsters.” Nutrition Research 17(1): 77-88.

Weber, F., V. Chaudhary, et al. (1991). “Suppression of cholesterol biosynthesis in hypercholesterolemic subjects by tocotrienol of barley ingredients made from brewers grain.” Cereal Foods World 36: 680.

Weber, F. E., C. V. K, et al. (1990). “Therapeutic and physiological properties of barley bran.” Cereal Foods World 35: 845.

Williams, D. L. (1997). “Overview of (1-]3)-Beta-D-Glucan Immunobiology.” Mediators of Inflammation 6(4): 247-250.

Alicja Wolk, DMSc, JoAnn E. Manson, MD, Meir J. Stampfer, MD, Graham A. Colditz, MD, Frank B. Hu, `MD, Frank E. Speizer, MD, Charles H. Hennekens, MD, Walter C. Willett, MD (1999),” Long- term Intake of Dietary Fiber and Decreased Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women”, JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association). 1999; Vol 281:1998-2004

Wood, P., F. Scott, et al. (1995). “Analysis, Classification and Physiological Effects of Polysaccharides.” 1995 AACC Annual Meeting Abstracts: Abst 275.

Wursch, P. and F. X. Pisunyer (1997). “The role of viscous soluble fiber in the metabolic control of diabetes. A review with special emphasis on cereals rich in beta-glucan.” Diabetes Care 20(11): 1774-1780.

Yokoyama, W. and B. Knuckles (1999). “Food processing of cereal brans reduces blood cholesterol and precancerous colonic cells by changing bioavailability.” AACC annual meeting, 1999

Yokoyama, W. H., C. A. Hudson, et al. (1997). “Effect of Barley Beta-Glucan in Durum Wheat Pasta On Human Glycemic Response.” Cereal Chemistry 74(3): 293-296.

Yokoyama, W. H., B. E. Knuckles, et al. (1998). “Raw and Processed Oat Ingredients Lower Plasma Cholesterol in the Hamster.” Journal of Food Science 63(4): 713-715.